Grillot, ‘Dans le Haut-Congo Fran9ais \ MC (step 19step one4), step one40-1
96 AOM, AP648, Decree toward production of a good Commune at the Brazzaville, 5 Oct 1911; speech of Governor-Standard Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 331; AOM, 4(2)D7, Yearly statement away from Moyen-Congo, Brazzaville, 1911. 97 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 36. 98 Mandat-Grancey, Au Congo, 182. 99 Veistroffer, Vingt arts, 103; Baratier, Au Congo, 121. 100 Colonel Moll, Une dme de colonial: lettres du Lieutenant-Colonel Moll (Paris, Emile-Paul, 1912), 10; Deschamps, De- Bordeaux bien au Tchad, 22-5; Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44-6; Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 32-3, 3 8 ^ 0 . 101 For urban structures for the colonial Africa, discover, Philip D. Betts, Not sure size: western overseas empires from the twentieth century (Minneapolis: College or university from Minnesota Press, 1985), 114-46; Odile Goerg, ‘Reflexion en ce qui concerne l’architecture europeenne ce a lot of time de la cote africaine a good partir de- l’exemple de- la Guinee’, inside the Almeida-Topor and you may Riesz (eds.), Rencontres franco-allemandes en ce qui concerne VAfrique, 81-92; and you can Gwendolyn Wright, ‘Tradition throughout the services out of modernity: frameworks and urbanism when you look at the French colonial rules, 1900-1930’, Record of contemporary History, 59 (June 1987), 291-316. 102 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 34. 103 To the background and you will need for the new Fourteenth out-of July inside Brazzaville, see Phyllis Meters. Martin, ‘National getaways switched: the newest fourteenth away from July from inside the Brazzaville’, paper presented at thirty-7th yearly fulfilling of one’s African Education Organization, Toronto, ps, ‘Rapport sur los angeles part de- Brazzaville’. 105 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, thirty-six. 106 Speech off Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 337. 107 Gabrielle and you will Joseph Vassal, Franfais, Beige ainsi que Portugais en Afrique Equatoriale (Paris: Pierre Roger, 1926), 42. 108 Headrick, ‘The effect out of colonialism into the health’, 221. 109 Curtin, ‘Medical education and urban planning’, 594-eight. 110 Ibid., 598-609; along with Headrick, ‘The impression out of colonialism into health’, 143-cuatro, 801-dos. 111 Bonchamps, ‘Rapport sur la area de- Brazzaville’. 112 Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44; Sautter, De- VAtlantique aufleuve Congo, vol. We, 398. 113 Challaye, Le Congo Franfais, 219. 114 JO, ps, ‘Rapport sur los angeles part de Brazzaville’; also AOM, 4(2)D1, Brazzaville Administrator so you’re able to Commissioner-Standard in Libreville, thirteen July 1901. 116 Quoted within the Headrick, ‘The impression of colonialism into the health’, 383. 117 JO, 20 Can get 1905. 118 AGPSE, 510BVI, Yearly account ‘Oeuvres de- los angeles Sainte-Enfance’, twenty four October 1901,1 January 1903,ten November 1912. 119 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 42. Chikouangue was a reference to manioc cash. 120 AOM, TP152, initial series, Objective Fillon, Statement out-of Yards. Henri into the Brazzaville team, 1913. 121 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9.
Fehderau, The foundation and growth of Kituba (Lingua Franca Kikongo) (Kisangani: Universite Libre du Congo, 1966) implies that Kituba is a words of slave-trade; William J
122 AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Purpose Diary, 30 May 1908; Roentgen. P. C. 123 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-nine. 124 Pick, instance, J.-P. Chretien and you will G. Prunier (eds.), Les ethnies ont une histoire (Paris: Karthala, 1989); Leroy Vail (ed.), The manufacture of tribalism in southern Africa (London: James Currey, 1989; Chris Grey, Modernization and you can social label: producing federal space inside the rural France and you may colonial room inside outlying Gabon (Bloomington: Indiana University Focus on International Transform and you may Industry Peace, 1994); Terence Ranger, The latest development out-of culture into the colonial Africa’, in Hobsbawm and you may Ranger (eds.), The fresh new development off lifestyle, 211-62, he enjoys modified just like the innovation from customs revisited: the case out of colonial Africa’, for the Terence Ranger and you can Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Authenticity therefore the condition in the twentieth 100 years Africa (London: Macmillan, 1993), 62-111. On the enhance of their essay, Ranger might have been influenced, and others, by Benedict Anderson, Dreamed teams: reflections into root and spread from nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). 125 Harold W. Samarin, The latest sources from Kituba and Lingala’, Log out of African Languages and you can Linguistics, twelve, 1 (September 1991), 47-77, means that their diffusion try even more connected with overseas railway specialists in the all the way down Congo. 126 ASMF, Age l l . Brev fran Kongo, Lindgren so you can SMF, 18 Oct 1911; B and you will Age. no. 1, Korr., Lindgren in order to SMF, eleven November 1911; F. zero. 1, Dagbok, twenty-two February 1914; Brev fran Kongo, G. Good. Hult so you’re able to SMF, 11 January 1918. 127 Address out-of Governor-Standard Merlin, BCAF, ten (1910), 337. 128 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9; AOM, 4(2)D13, Statement regarding Pool section, Brazzaville, Get 1913. 129 Mumbansa mwa Bawele, ‘Y a great-t-il des Bangalas?’ Zaire-Afrique, 78 (arin, ‘The sources out-of Kituba and Lingala’, 47, 57-69, and you will ‘Bondjo ethnicity and you will colonial imagination’, Canadian Diary regarding African Degree, 18 (1984), 345-65. 130 ‘Brazzaville’, BPSE, 25 (1909-10), 511; AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Goal Log, 29 Can get 1908,25 September 1910,step 1 December 1913. 131 Come across chapters step 3 and you will 4. 132 Grillot, ‘Dans ce Haut-Congo Francais’, 139; ‘Brazzaville’, BCPSE, twenty-seven (1913-14), 55; P. Augouard, Quarante-quatre annees au Congo (Evreux: Poussin, 1934), fifty, 72-step three,105. 133 Girard,’Brazzaville’, 31, 29. 134 AOM, 4(2)D5, Administrative statement, Moyen-Congo, September-November 1910. 135 Frederick Cooper, ‘Urban area, commercial https://datingranking.net/henderson-dating/ date, and you may salary labor when you look at the Africa’, in the Struggle towards the town, 23. 2 step one